Номер 2, страница 37, часть 1 - гдз по английскому языку 10 класс учебник Демченко, Юхнель

2. a. Read the information about period houses in the UK and check your ideas. What periods do the houses in the pictures belong to? Why do you think so?

A period house is a property that was built before World War I. When talking about this kind of property people use such terms as Tudor, Victorian, Edwardian, and Georgian, which refer to the ruling monarch when a property was built. Let’s have a look at some styles of period houses.

Some of the Tudor homes (1485–1560) are still privately owned and lived in, some are small museums that you can take a tour of, and some have been converted into hotels. These pretty black and white houses were built largely with function in mind and had little decoration. They had a wooden frame painted black, the spaces between were filled with small sticks and wet clay, and the outer walls were most often whitewashed, which gave them their characteristic look. Some houses had upper storeys bigger than the ground floor.

Many Tudor houses had thatched roofs. However, for those who were rich enough to afford it, a tiled roof was also available. Glass was expensive at that time so when people moved house it was common practice to take their windows with them.

Tudor furniture was big, heavy, uncomfortable, usually made of oak and expected to last for generations. Instead of chairs, people sat on wooden benches or stools. Only rich people could afford carpets. It seems strange today, but those who could afford a carpet actually hung it on the wall instead of placing it on the floor. Most houses had dirt floors. Chimneys were also not for everyone, although they became more common. Wealthy people’s houses became divided into several rooms.

A typical Georgian house (1714–1790) is elegant and formal in style. It was usually built with brick or stone. In early designs, a white or cream plaster material covered the construction material beneath only on the ground floor. Later it covered the whole building from top to bottom.

Houses were spacious and had large windows. The number of windows in the house was a sign of its owner’s wealth as they had to pay tax on windows. To avoid it, some thrifty people bricked up windows. Usually, the first and second storeys of a house were occupied by the owner’s family, the servants lived on the top floor. Their rooms and windows were smaller compared to those at the bottom of the house. A tiled roof was often hidden behind a low wall built at the edge of the roof. The whole building had a square symmetrical shape with the front door placed in the centre.

Carpets moved from walls onto the floor. The Georgians had some of the first indoor toilets, although they were really more like potties that were hidden in cupboards or even chairs and, amazingly, they thought a good place for them was in the dining room!

The Victorian era (1839–1900) saw huge changes in domestic housing. Population growth and the Industrial Revolution resulted in the building of houses not only for the rich and new middle class but also for the poor. Many Victorian houses for workers were built in extremely cramped conditions and were very small. Some of these areas were later knocked down. Other small two-up two-down houses still survive.

As the middle classes grew in size and wealth, they wanted to display their status. Their homes were designed asymmetrically with the front door to the side and brick once again became fashionable. High ceilings, doors with stained glass, large Gothic-shaped windows, coloured bricks, tiled roofs, pointed arches and towers were typical of Victorian homes. The layout became a little bit cramped compared to previous Georgian designs. The houses were often one room wide, with a narrow hallway leading off into the different entertaining rooms. New rooms (morning rooms, billiard rooms, smoking rooms) appeared and there was more specialisation – the sitting room was for females, while the dining room or study was for the men of the house. By the turn of the century, hot and cold running water, as well as WCs, had become a common feature and gas was used for lighting.

special (adj.) – specialise (v.) – specialisation (n.)

b. Read the article again and fill in the table.

b. Прочитайте статью снова и заполните таблицу.

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